Fuentes

https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/16759/ubc_2010_spring_geary_david.pdf?sequence=5

http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1056


"The Revival of Buddhist Pilgrimage at Bodh Gaya" (1811-1949):  By Alan Trevithick.

"Translating Desires in Bodhgaya: Buddhism and Development in the Land of Buddha's Enlightenment" ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 2011. Author: Jason A Rodriguez.

"Managing Religion in Colonial India: The British Raj and the Rodh Gaya Temple Dispute" by Ian Copland

http://gov.bih.nic.in/

The Mahabodhi Temple Complex

Among all sites of memory sanctioned by the Buddha, Bodh Gaya is certainly the most important destination for pilgrimage.

The Mahabodhi Temple, one of the few surviving examples of early brick structures in India, has had significant influence in the development of architecture over the centuries. balustrades, and the memorial column. The present temple is one of the earliest and most imposing structures built entirely from brick in the late Gupta period. The sculpted stone balustrades are an outstanding early example of sculptural reliefs in stone. 

The Temple Complex has direct associations with the life of the Lord Buddha (566-486 BC) as the place where in 531 BC he attained the supreme and perfect insight while seated under the Bodhi Tree. It provides exceptional records for the events associated with his life and for subsequent worship, particularly since Emperor Asoka made a pilgrimage to this spot around 260 BC and built the first temple at the site of the Bodhi Tree. The Mahabodhi Temple Complex is located in the very heart of the city of Bodh Gaya. The site consists of the main temple and six sacred places within an enclosed area, and a seventh one, the Lotus Pond, just outside the enclosure to the south.

The most important of the sacred places is the giant Bodhi Tree (Ficus religiosa ). This tree is to the west of the main temple and is supposed to be a direct descendant of the original Bodhi Tree under which the Buddha spent his First Week and where he had his enlightenment. To the north of the central path, on a raised area, is the Animeshlochan Chaitya (prayer hall) where the Buddha is believed to have spent the Second Week. The Buddha spent the Third Week walking 18 paces back and forth in an area called Ratnachakrama (Jewelled Ambulatory), which lies near the north wall of the main temple. The spot where he spent the Fourth Week is Ratnaghar Chaitya, located to the north-east near the enclosure wall. Immediately after the steps of the east entrance on the central path there is a pillar which marks the site of the Ajapala Nigrodh Tree, under which Buddha meditated during his Fifth Week, answering the queries of Brahmins. He spent the Sixth Week next to the Lotus Pond to the south of the enclosure, and the Seventh Week under the Rajyatana Tree currently marked by a tree.

The Main Temple is built in the classical style of Indian temple architecture. It has a low basement with mouldings decorated with honeysuckle and geese design. Above this is a series of niches containing images of the Buddha. Further above there are mouldings and chaitya niches, and then the curvilinearshikhara or tower of the temple surmounted by amalaka and kalasha (architectural features in the tradition of Indian temples). At the four corners of the parapet of the temple are four statues of the Buddha in small shrine chambers. A small tower is built above each of these shrines. The temple faces east and consists of a small forecourt in the east with niches on either side containing statues of the Buddha.

Next to the Bodhi Tree there is a place with a Buddha statue that stands on part of the polished sandstone Vajrasana (Diamond Throne), originally installed by Emperor Asoka to mark the spot where the Buddha sat and meditated. Granite pillars were added to enlarge the area in the 5th-6th centuries BC. Further up the central path towards the main temple to the south is a small shrine with a standing Buddha in the back and with the footprints (Padas ) of the Buddha carved on black stone, dating from the 3rd century BC, when Emperor Asoka declared Buddhism to be the official religion of the state. Further on the path towards the main temple is a building housing several statues of Buddha and Bodhisattvas. Opposite is a memorial to a Hindu Mahant who had lived on this site during the 15th and 16th centuries. To the south of the pathway is a cluster of votive stupas built by kings, princes, noblemen and lay people. 

Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC

The original Bodhi Tree was removed to Sri Lanka by the daughter of emperor Ashoka. Nowadays is dead, and the current Bodhi Three is a descendent of the original. 

Bodh Gaya's Economy

The most popular destination of Buddhist pilgrimage is found in one of India's poorest state (Bihar), the visitors are stunned by the extreme poverty of the place. Because of this Bodh Gaya has developed a charity "industry" that depends on tourist and tourism. The local people live in a seasonal economy that depends almost entirely on foreign tourist. Bihar had a national reputation for corruption, prone to outbreaks of violence, high rates of illiteracy, poverty and child mortality.

Economy’s unstable source gives local residents only temporary work, time in Bodh Gaya is measured by the coming and going of foreign, for the winter months there are tourist, and therefore work, the rest of the year is noticeable by unemployment. And even in good season most of the money go outside the place because of many foreign-owned and foreign-operated hotels and monasteries like all-inclusive resorts that monopolize the tourism services. In addition of this survival challenge for Bodh Gaya’s residents, monasteries inflate the real-estate values, so, when farmlands become monasteries, farmers must find a new income.

In search of r a better life and maintainable work, the local businessmen have started charity schools for destitute children; these schools are entirely supported by donations.

Besides the tourism and pilgrimage as a source of economic livelihood for local residents, the role of State tourism development and urban planning it’s very important. In 2002 the temple marking the site of Buddha’s Enlightenment was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the Bihar State government has search for intensify international tourism to Bodh Gaya as a resource to ameliorate Bihar’s underdevelopment. 

The foremost government project, the City Development Plan for Bodhgaya , was an urban renewal and development plan that envisioned transforming Bodhgaya into something of a Buddhist theme park over a fifty year period, and was developed by a committee of non-local Indian businessmen, government officials from the central and state governments, foreign development experts, and Buddhist monks and ambassadors from Thailand, Myanmar, Tibet, Japan, and Sri Lanka. This project involved the forced removal of villages, the destruction by paramilitary and police of homes and long-standing local businesses, and the removal of street vendors, all of which were met by vigorous protests. (http://udini.proquest.com/view/translating-desires-in-bodhgaya-pqid:2443885441/)

But this government's plan go againts the buddhist beliefs.

Relax - Buddhist Meditation Music - Zen Garden - Kokin Gumi

Bodh Gaya: Center of the Buddhist World

Introduction and Geographic Situation

About a hundred kilometers south of the state capital, Patna, is located Bodh Gaya, a small city in the State of Bihar, in India with a population of (more than) 30, 000. Bodh Gaya is best known for being the most sacred place of Buddhism.

Bihar is placed in the eastern part of the country (between 83°-30' to 88°-00' longitude) and it is an entirely land–locked state, (even though the exit to the sea through the port of Kolkata is not far away).

Bihar lies mid-way between the humid West Bengal in the east and the sub humid Uttar Pradesh in the west which provides it with a transitional position in respect of climate, economy and culture. It is bounded by Nepal in the north and by Jharkhand in the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two unequal halves by the river Ganga which flows through the middle from west to east.” (http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm) 

Bodh Gaya is the principal Buddhist pilgrimage in the world; it’s here where Siddharta Gautama became enlightened during intense meditation under a banyan tree, the holy Bodhi Tree. In the exact spot is now the Mahabodhi Temple Complex. Bodh Gaya is the home of dozens of Buddhist monasteries.